Urinary tract infection (UTI).BladderEncyclopedia Entry for Cystitis :Cystitis(*) - most common: Escherichia coli, others includeKlebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Proteus sp., Providencia sp., Morganella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (the previous organisms are G- rods), Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, (G+ cocci), and Candida albicans (yeast)Encyclopedia Entry for Cystitis :Cystitis - acute. Cystitis is caused by germs, most often bacteria. These germs enter the urethra and then the bladder and can cause an infection. The infection commonly develops in the bladder. It can also spread to the kidneys. Most of the time, your body can get rid of these bacteria when you urinate. But, the bacteria can stick to the wall of the urethra or bladder, or grow so fast that some stay in the bladder. Women tend to get infections more often than men. This happens because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus. Women are more likely to get an infection after sexual intercourse. Using a diaphragm for birth control can also be a cause. Menopause also increases the risk for a urinary tract infection. The following also increase your chances of having cystitis: A tube called a urinary catheter inserted in your bladder Blockage of the bladder or urethra Diabetes Enlarged prostate, narrowed urethra, or anything that blocks the flow of urine Loss of bowel control ( bowel incontinence ) Older age (most often in people who live in nursing homes) Pregnancy Problems fully emptying your bladder (urinary retention) Procedures that involve the urinary tract Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, when you are recovering from a hip fracture ) Most cases are caused by Escherichia coli ( E coli ). It is a type of bacteria found in the intestines.The symptoms of a bladder infection include: Cloudy or bloody urine Strong or foul smelling urine Low fever (not everyone will have a fever) Pain or burning with urination Pressure or cramping in the lower middle abdomen or back Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied Often in an older person, mental changes or confusion are the only signs of a possible infection.In most cases, a urine sample is collected to do the following tests: Urinalysis. This test is done to look for white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and to check for certain chemicals, such as nitrites in the urine. Most of the time, your health care provider can diagnose an infection using a urinalysis. Urine culture. A clean catch urine sample may be needed. This test is done to identify the bacteria in the urine and decide on the correct antibiotic.Antibiotics can be taken by mouth. These are most often given to stop the infection from spreading to the kidneys. For a simple bladder infection, you will take antibiotics for 3 days (women) or 7 to 14 days (men). For a bladder infection with complications such as pregnancy or diabetes, or a mild kidney infection, you will most often take antibiotics for 7 to 14 days. It is important that you finish all the antibiotics prescribed. Finish it even if you feel better before the end of your treatment. If you do not finish the antibiotics, you may develop an infection that is harder to treat. Let your provider know if you are pregnant. Your provider may prescribe medicines to ease discomfort. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) is the most common of this type of drug. You will still need to take antibiotics. Everyone with a bladder infection should drink plenty of water. Some women have repeat bladder infections. Your provider may suggest treatments such as: Taking a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual contact. These may prevent sexually transmitted infections. Keeping a 3-day course of antibiotics. These will be given based on your symptoms. Taking a single, daily dose of an antibiotic. This dose will prevent infections. Over-the-counter products that increase acid in the urine, such as ascorbic acid or cranberry juice, may be recommended. These medicines lower the concentration of bacteria in the urine. Follow-up may include urine cultures. These tests will make sure the bacterial infection is gone. Lifestyle changes may help prevent some urinary tract infections.Most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable, but go away without complications after treatment.Call your provider if you: Have symptoms of cystitis Have already been diagnosed and symptoms get worse Develop new symptoms such as fever, back pain, stomach pain, or vomiting.Uncomplicated urinary tract infection; UTI - acute cystitis; Acute bladder infection; Acute bacterial cystitis.Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract.Nicolle LE, Norrby SR. Approach to the patient with urinary tract infection.Encyclopedia Entry for Cystitis :Cystitis - noninfectious. The exact cause of noninfectious cystitis is often not known. It is more common in women as compared to men. The problem has been linked to: Use of baths and feminine hygiene sprays Use of spermicide jellies, gels, foams, and sponges Radiation therapy to the pelvis area Certain types of chemotherapy drugs History of severe or repeated bladder infections Certain foods, such as spicy or acidic foods, tomatoes, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, chocolate, and alcohol, can cause bladder symptoms.Common symptoms include: Pressure or pain in the lower pelvis Painful urination Frequent need to urinate Urgent need to urinate Problems holding urine Need to urinate at night Abnormal urine color , cloudy urine Blood in the urine Foul or strong urine odor Other symptoms may include: Pain during sexual intercourse Penile or vaginal pain Fatigue.A urinalysis may reveal red blood cells (RBCs) and some white blood cells (WBCs). Urine may be examined under a microscope to look for cancerous cells. A urine culture (clean catch) is done to look for a bacterial infection. A cystoscopy (use of lighted instrument to look inside the bladder) may be done if you have: Symptoms related to radiation therapy or chemotherapy Symptoms that do not get better with treatment Blood in the urine.The goal of treatment is to manage your symptoms. This may include: Medicines to help your bladder relax. They can reduce the strong urge to urinate or need to urinate frequently. These are called anticholinergic drugs. Possible side effects include increased heart rate , low blood pressure, dry mouth, and constipation. A medicine called phenazopyridine (pyridium) to help relieve pain and burning with urination. Medicines to help reduce pain. Surgery is rarely done. It may be performed if a person has symptoms that do not go away with other treatments, trouble passing urine, or blood in the urine. Other things that may help include: Avoiding foods and fluids that irritate the bladder. These include spicy and acidic foods as well as alcohol, citrus juices, and caffeine, and foods that contain them. Performing bladder training exercises to help you schedule times to try to urinate and to delay urination at all other times. One method is to force yourself to delay urinating despite the urge to urinate in between these times. As you become better at waiting this long, slowly increase the time intervals by 15 minutes. Try to reach a goal of urinating every 3 to 4 hours. Avoid pelvic muscle strengthening exercises called Kegel exercises.Most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable, but the symptoms most often get better over time. Symptoms can improve if you are able to identify and avoid food triggers.Complications may include: Ulceration of bladder wall Painful sex Sleep loss Depression.Call your health care provider if: You have symptoms of cystitis You have been diagnosed with cystitis and your symptoms get worse, or you have new symptoms, especially fever , blood in the urine, back or flank pain , and vomiting.Avoid products that may irritate the bladder such as: Bubble baths Feminine hygiene sprays Tampons (especially scented products) Spermicidal jellies If you need to use such products, try to find those that do not cause irritation for you.Abacterial cystitis; Radiation cystitis; Chemical cystitis; Urethral syndrome - acute; Bladder pain syndrome; Painful bladder disease complex; Dysuria - noninfectious cystitis; Frequent urination - noninfectious cystitis; Painful urination - noninfectious; Interstitial cystitis.American Urological Association website. Diagnosis and treatment interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. www.auanet.org/guidelines/interstitial-cystitis/bladder-pain-syndrome-(2011-amended-2014). Accessed April 6, 2018. Carter C. Urinary tract disorders.Encyclopedia Entry for Cystitis :Cystitis. Can be caused by Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas or other bacteria and can be exacerbated by Candida.Information from Marcello Allegretti.