Inflammation of the tissue of the brain and spinal cord.Encyclopedia Entry for Encephalitis :Encephalitis - Mumpsvirus, Human Herpesvirus 1 (Herpes Simplex 1 Virus), Any of 350 different arboviruses, Enteroviruses (polio, Coxsackie, ECHO), Adenovirus, Human Immunodeficiency VirusEncyclopedia Entry for Encephalitis :Encephalitis. Encephalitis is a rare condition. It occurs more often in the first year of life and decreases with age. The very young and older adults are more likely to have a severe case. Encephalitis is most often caused by a virus. Many types of viruses may cause it. Exposure can occur through: Breathing in droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat from an infected person Contaminated food or drink Mosquito, tick, and other insect bites Skin contact Different viruses occur in different locations. Many cases occur during a certain season. Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns. Routine vaccination has greatly reduced encephalitis due to some viruses, including: Measles Mumps Polio Rabies Rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Other viruses that cause encephalitis include: Adenovirus Coxsackievirus Cytomegalovirus Eastern equine encephalitis virus Echovirus Japanese encephalitis, which occurs in Asia West Nile virus After the virus enters the body, the brain tissue swells. This swelling may destroy nerve cells, and cause bleeding in the brain and brain damage. Other causes of encephalitis may include: An allergic reaction to vaccinations Autoimmune disease Bacteria such as Lyme disease , syphilis, and tuberculosis Parasites such as roundworms, cysticercosis , and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other people who have a weakened immune system The effects of cancer.Some people may have symptoms of a cold or stomach infection before encephalitis symptoms begin. When this infection is not very severe, the symptoms may be similar to those of other illnesses: Fever that is not very high Mild headache Low energy and a poor appetite Other symptoms include: Clumsiness, unsteady gait Confusion, disorientation Drowsiness Irritability or poor temper control Light sensitivity Stiff neck and back (sometimes) Vomiting Symptoms in newborns and younger infants may not be as easy to recognize: Body stiffness Irritability and crying more often (these symptoms may get worse when the baby is picked up) Poor feeding Soft spot on the top of the head may bulge out more Vomiting Emergency symptoms: Loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, stupor, coma Muscle weakness or paralysis Seizures Severe headache Sudden change in mental functions, such a flat mood, impaired judgment, memory loss, or a lack of interest in daily activities.The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about symptoms. Tests that may be done include: Brain MRI CT scan of the head Culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or urine (however, this test is rarely useful) Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) Lumbar puncture and CSF examination Tests that detect antibodies to a virus (serology tests) Test that detects tiny amounts of virus DNA (polymerase chain reaction -- PCR).The goals of treatment are to provide supportive care (rest, nutrition, fluids) to help the body fight the infection, and to relieve symptoms. Medicines may include: Antiviral medicines, if a virus caused the infection Antibiotics, if bacteria is the cause Antiseizure medicines to prevent seizures Steroids to reduce brain swelling Sedatives for irritability or restlessness Acetaminophen for fever and headache If brain function is severely affected, physical therapy and speech therapy may be needed after the infection is controlled.The outcome varies. Some cases are mild and short, and the person fully recovers. Other cases are severe, and permanent problems or death is possible. The acute phase normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks. Fever and symptoms gradually or suddenly disappear. Some people may take several months to fully recover.Permanent brain damage may occur in severe cases of encephalitis. It can affect: Hearing Memory Muscle control Sensation Speech Vision.Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have: Sudden fever Other symptoms of encephalitis.Children and adults should avoid contact with anyone who has encephalitis. Controlling mosquitoes (a mosquito bite can transmit some viruses) may reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis. Apply an insect repellant containing the chemical, DEET when you go outside (but DO NOT use DEET products on infants younger than 2 months). Remove any sources of standing water (such as old tires, cans, gutters, and wading pools). Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when outside, especially at dusk. Children and adults should get routine vaccinations for viruses that can cause encephalitis. People should receive specific vaccines if they are traveling to places such as parts of Asia, where Japanese encephalitis is found. Vaccinate animals to prevent encephalitis caused by the rabies virus.Ventriculoperitoneal shunt - discharge.Aksamit AJ. Acute viral encephalitis.