In medicine, trauma (injury) is damage to a biological organism caused by physical harm from an external source.Encyclopedia Entry for Trauma :Traumatic events and children. Your child could experience a one-time traumatic event or a repeated trauma that happens over and over again. Examples of one-time traumatic events are: Natural disasters, such as a tornado, hurricane, fire, or flood Rape Witness shooting or stabbing of a person Sudden death of a parent or trusted caregiver Hospitalization Examples of traumatic events that your child experiences over and over are: Physical or emotional abuse Sexual abuse Gang violence War Terrorist events.Your child may be having emotional reactions and feels: Nervous Worried about safety Agitated Withdrawn Sad Scared of sleeping alone at night Temper tantrums Dissociated, which is an extreme and common reaction to a traumatic event. Your child copes with the trauma by withdrawing from the world. They feel detached and see things happening around them as if it is unreal. Your child may also be having physical problems like: Stomachaches Headaches Nausea and vomiting Trouble sleeping and nightmares Your child may also be reliving the event: Seeing images Remembering every detail of what happened and what they did Have the need to tell the story over and over again.Half of the children who survive traumatic events will show signs of PTSD. Every child's symptoms are different. In general, your child may have: Intense fear Feelings of helplessness Feelings of being agitated and disorganized Trouble sleeping Trouble focusing Loss of appetite Changes in their interactions with others, including more aggressive or more withdrawn Your child may also go back to behaviors they had outgrown: Bedwetting Clinging Sucking their thumb Emotionally-numb, anxious, or depressed Separation anxiety.Let your child know that they are safe and that you are in control. Know that your child is taking cues from you on how to react to the traumatic event. It is OK for you to be sad or hurt. But your child needs to know that you are in control and are protecting them. Let your child know that you are there for them. Return to a daily routine as soon as you can. Create a schedule for eating, sleeping, school, and playing. Daily routines help kids know what to expect and make them feel safe. Talk to your child. Let them know what you are doing to keep them safe. Answer their questions in a way they can understand. Stay close to your child. Let them sit near you or hold your hand. Accept and work with your child on regressed behavior. Monitor information that your child is getting about an event. Turn off the TV news and limit your conversations about events in front of young children.There is no one way that children recover after traumatic events. Expect that your child should go back to their usual activities over time. If your child is still having trouble recovering after one month, get professional help. Your child will learn how to: Talk about what happened. They will tell their stories with words, pictures, or play. This helps them see that the reaction to the trauma is normal. Develop coping strategies to help with fear and anxiety. Let teachers know about traumatic events in your child's life. Keep open communication about changes in your child's behavior.Stress - traumatic events in children.Augustyn MC, Zuckerman BS. Impact of violence on children.Encyclopedia Entry for Trauma :Traumatic injury of the bladder and urethra. Types of bladder injuries include: Blunt trauma (such as a blow to the body) Penetrating wounds (such as bullet or stab wounds) The amount of injury to the bladder depends on: How full the bladder was at the time of injury What caused the injury Traumatic injury to the bladder is not very common. The bladder is located within the bones of the pelvis. This protects it from most outside forces. Injury may occur if there is a blow to the pelvis severe enough to break the bones. In this case, bone fragments may pierce the bladder wall. Less than 1 in 10 pelvic fractures lead to bladder injury. Other causes of bladder or urethra injury include: Surgeries of the pelvis or groin (such as hernia repair and removal of the uterus ) Tears, cuts, bruises, and other injuries to the urethra. Urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body. This is most common in men. Straddle injuries. This injury may occur if there is direct force that injures the area behind the scrotum Deceleration injury. This injury may occur during a motor vehicle accident. Your bladder can get injured if it is full and you are wearing a seatbelt Injury to the bladder or urethra may cause urine to leak into the abdomen. This may lead to infection.Some common symptoms are: Lower abdominal pain Blood in the urine Bloody discharge Difficulty beginning to urinate or inability to empty the bladder Loss of fluids Painful urination Pelvic pain Severe bleeding Small, weak urine stream Abdominal distention or bloating Shock or internal bleeding may occur after a bladder injury. This is a medical emergency. Symptoms include: Decreased alertness , drowsiness , coma Increased heart rate Pale skin Sweating Skin that is cool to the touch If there is no or little urine released, there may be an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTI).An exam of the genitals may show injury to the urethra. An x-ray of the urethra using dye (retrograde urethrogram) should be done if the health care provider suspects an injury. The exam may also show: Bladder injury or swollen (distended) bladder Other signs of pelvic injury, such as bruising over the penis, scrotum, and perineum Signs of hemorrhage or shock, including decreased blood pressure -- especially in cases of pelvic fracture Tenderness and bladder fullness when touched (caused by urine retention) Tender and unstable pelvic bones Urine in the abdominal cavity A catheter (tube that drains urine from the body) may be inserted once an injury of the urethra has been ruled out. An x-ray of the bladder using dye to highlight any damage can then be done.The goals of treatment are to: Control symptoms Repair the injury Prevent complications Emergency treatment of bleeding or shock may include: Blood transfusions Intravenous (IV) fluids Monitoring in the hospital You may need emergency surgery to repair the injury and drain the urine from the abdominal cavity in the case of peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity). The injury can be repaired with surgery in most cases. The bladder may be drained by a catheter through the urethra or the abdominal wall over a period of days to weeks. This will prevent urine from building up in the bladder. It will also allow the injured bladder or urethra to heal and prevent swelling in the urethra from blocking urine flow. If the urethra has been cut, a urological specialist can try to put a catheter in place. If this cannot be done, a tube will be inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the bladder. This is called a suprapubic tube. It will be left in place until the swelling goes away and the urethra can be repaired with surgery. This takes 3 to 6 months.Traumatic injury of the bladder and urethra can be minor or life threatening. Short- or long-term serious complications can occur.Some of the possible complications of injury of the bladder and urethra are: Bleeding, shock. Blockage to the flow of urine. This causes the urine to back up and injure one or both kidneys. Scarring leading to blockage of the urethra. Problems emptying the bladder completely.Call the local emergency number (911) or go to the emergency room if you have a traumatic bladder or urethra injury. Call your provider if symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop, including: Decrease in urine production Fever Severe abdominal pain Severe flank or back pain Shock or hemorrhage.Prevent outside injury to the bladder and urethra by following these safety tips: Do not insert objects into the urethra. If you need self-catheterization, follow the instructions of your provider. Use safety equipment during work and play.Injury - bladder and urethra; Bruised bladder; Urethral injury; Bladder injury; Pelvic fracture; Urethral disruption.Bladder catheterization, female Bladder catheterization, female Bladder catheterization, male Bladder catheterization, male Female urinary tract Female urinary tract Male urinary tract Male urinary tract.Morey AF, Zhao LC. Genital and lower urinary tract trauma.