General bone program.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone graft. A bone graft can be taken from the person's own healthy bone (this is called an autograft). Or, it can be taken from frozen, donated bone (allograft). In some cases, a manmade (synthetic) bone substitute is used. You will be asleep and feel no pain ( general anesthesia ). During surgery, the surgeon makes a cut over the bone defect. The bone graft is shaped and inserted into and around the area. The bone graft can be held in place with pins, plates, or screws.Bone grafts are used to: Fuse joints to prevent movement Repair broken bones (fractures) that have bone loss Repair injured bone that has not healed.Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general include: Reactions to medicines, breathing problems Bleeding, blood clots, infection Risks of this surgery include: Pain at the place on the body where the bone was removed Injury of nerves near the bone grafting area Stiffness of the area.Tell your surgeon what medicines you are taking. This includes medicines, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription. Follow instructions about stopping medicines that make it harder for your blood to clot. These might cause increased bleeding during the surgery. On the day of the surgery: Follow instructions about not eating or drinking anything before surgery. Take the medicines your provider told you to take with a small sip of water. If you are going to the hospital from home, be sure to arrive at the scheduled time.Recovery time depends on the injury or defect being treated and the size of the bone graft. Your recovery may take 2 weeks to 3 months. The bone graft itself will take up to 3 months or longer to heal. You may be told to avoid extreme exercise for up to 6 months. Ask your doctor or nurse what you can and cannot safely do. You will need to keep the bone graft area clean and dry. Follow instructions about showering. DO NOT smoke. Smoking slows or prevents bone healing. If you smoke, the graft is more likely to fail. Be aware that nicotine patches slow healing just like smoking does.Most bone grafts help the bone defect heal with little risk of graft rejection.Autograft - bone; Allograft - bone; Fracture - bone graft; Surgery - bone graft; Autologous bone graft.Bone graft - series Spinal bone graft - series Bone graft harvest Bone graft harvest.Brinker MR, O'Connor DP. Nonunions: evaluation and treatment.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone lesion biopsy. The test is done in the following way: An x-ray, CT or MRI scan is likely used to guide the exact placement of the biopsy instrument. The health care provider applies a numbing medicine (local anesthetic) to the area. A small cut is then made in the skin. A special drill needle is often used. This needle is gently inserted through the cut, then pushed and twisted into the bone. Once the sample is obtained, the needle is twisted out. Pressure is applied to the site. Once bleeding stops, stitches are applied, and covered with a bandage. The sample is sent to a lab for examination. Bone biopsy may also be done under general anesthesia to remove a larger sample. Then surgery to remove the bone can be done if the biopsy exam shows that there is an abnormal growth or cancer.Follow your provider's instructions on how to prepare. This may include not eating and drinking for several hours before the procedure.With a needle biopsy, you may feel some discomfort and pressure, even though a local anesthetic is used. You must remain still during the procedure. After the biopsy, the area may be sore or tender for several days.The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to tell the difference between cancerous and noncancerous bone tumors and to identify other bone problems. It may be performed on people with bone pain and tenderness, particularly if x-ray , CT scan, or other testing reveals a problem.No abnormal bone tissue is found.An abnormal result may be any of the following problems. Benign (noncancerous) bone tumors, such as: Bone cyst Fibroma Osteoblastoma Osteoid osteoma Cancerous tumors, such as: Ewing sarcoma Multiple myeloma Osteosarcoma Other types of cancer that may have spread to the bone Abnormal results may also be due to: Osteitis fibrosa (weak and deformed bone) Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) Osteomyelitis (bone infection).Risks of this procedure may include: Bone fracture Bone infection (osteomyelitis) Damage to surrounding tissue Discomfort Excessive bleeding Infection near the biopsy area A serious risk of this procedure is bone infection. Signs include: Fever Headache Pain with movement Redness and swelling of around the biopsy site Drainage of pus from the biopsy site If you have any of these signs, call your provider right away. People with bone disorders who also have blood clotting disorders may have an increased risk of bleeding.Bone biopsy; Biopsy - bone.Bone biopsy Bone biopsy.Chen YH, Carrino JA, Fayad LM. Image-guided percutaneous biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow (stem cell) donation. There are two types of bone marrow donation: Autologous bone marrow transplant is when people donate their own bone marrow. 'Auto' means self. Allogenic bone marrow transplant is when another person donates bone marrow. 'Allo' means other. With an allogenic transplant, the donor's genes must at least partly match the person's genes. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. Sometimes parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. But only about 30% of people who need a bone marrow transplant can find a matching donor in their own family.The 70% of people who do NOT have a relative who is a good match may be able to find one through a bone marrow registry. The largest one is called Be the Match ( bethematch.org ). It registers people who would be willing to donate bone marrow and stores their information in a database. Doctors can then use the registry to find a matching donor for a person who needs a bone marrow transplant. How to Join a Bone Marrow Registry To be listed in a bone marrow donation registry, a person must be: Between the ages of 18 and 60 Healthy and not pregnant People can register online or at a local donor registry drive. Those between the ages of 45 to 60 must join online. The local, in-person drives only accept donors who are younger than age 45. Their stem cells are more likely to help patients than stem cells from older people. People who register must either: Use a cotton swab to take a sample of cells from the inside of their cheek Give a small blood sample (about 1 tablespoon or 15 milliliters) The cells or blood is then tested for special proteins, called human leukocytes antigens (HLA). HLAs help your infection-fighting system (immune system) tell the difference between body tissue and substances that are not from your own body.Bone marrow transplants work best if the HLAs from the donor and the patient are a close match. If a donor's HLAs match well with a person who needs a transplant, the donor must give a new blood sample to confirm the match. Then, a counselor meets with the donor to discuss the bone marrow donation process.Donor stem cells can be collected in two ways. Peripheral blood stem cell collection. Most donor stem cells are collected through a process called leukapheresis. First, the donor is given 5 days of shots to help stem cells move from the bone marrow into the blood. During the collection, blood is removed from the donor through a line in a vein (IV). The part of white blood cells that contains stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. The red blood cells are returned to the donor through an IV in the other arm. This procedure takes about 3 hours. Side effects include: Headaches Sore bones Discomfort from needles in the arms Bone marrow harvest. This minor surgery is done under general anesthesia. This means the donor will be asleep and pain-free during the procedure. The bone marrow is removed from the back of your pelvic bones. The process takes about an hour. After a bone marrow harvest, the donor stays in the hospital until they're fully awake and can eat and drink. Side effects include: Nausea Headache Fatigue Bruising or discomfort in the lower back You can resume normal activity in about a week. There are very few risks for the donor and no lasting health effects. Your body will replace the donated bone marrow in about 4 to 6 weeks.Stem cell transplant - donation; Allogeneic donation; Leukemia - bone marrow donation; Lymphoma - bone marrow donation; Myeloma - bone marrow donation.American Cancer Society website. Stem cell transplant for cancer. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/stem-cell-transplant.html. Updated May 11, 2016. Accessed August 22, 2018. Fuchs E. Haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow aspiration may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. The bone marrow is removed from your pelvic or breast bone. Sometimes, another bone is selected. Marrow is removed in the following steps: If needed, you are given medicine to help you relax. The provider cleans the skin and injects numbing medicine into the area and surface of the bone. A special needle is inserted into the bone. The needle has a tube attached to it, which creates suction. A small sample of bone marrow fluid flows into the tube. The needle is removed. Pressure and then a bandage are applied to the skin. The bone marrow fluid is sent to a laboratory and examined under a microscope.Tell the provider: If you are allergic to any medicines If you are pregnant If you have bleeding problems What medicines you are taking.You will feel a sting and slight burning sensation when the numbing medicine is applied. You may feel pressure as the needle is inserted into the bone, and a sharp and usually painful sucking sensation as the marrow is removed. This feeling lasts for only a few seconds.Your doctor may order this test if you have abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells or platelets on a complete blood count. This test is used to diagnose: Anemia (some types) Infections Leukemia Other blood cancers and disorders It may help determine whether cancers have spread or responded to treatment.The bone marrow should contain the proper number and types of: Blood-forming cells Connective tissues Fat cells.Abnormal results may be due to cancers of the bone marrow, including: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Abnormal results may also be due to other causes, such as: Bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells (aplastic anemia) Bacterial or fungal infections that have spread throughout the body Cancer of the lymph tissue (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma ) A bleeding disorder called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Blood cancer called ( multiple myeloma ) Disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by scar tissue ( myelofibrosis ) Disorder in which not enough healthy blood cells are made (myelodysplastic syndrome; MDS) Abnormally low amount of platelets, which help blood to clot (primary thrombocytopenia ) White blood cell cancer called Waldenstr m macroglobulinemia.There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare.Iliac crest tap; Sternal tap; Leukemia - bone marrow aspiration; Aplastic anemia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelodysplastic syndrome - bone marrow aspiration; Thrombocytopenia - bone marrow aspiration; Myelofibrosis - bone marrow aspiration.Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Sternum - view of the outside (anterior) Sternum - view of the outside (anterior).Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow).Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow biopsy. A bone marrow biopsy may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. The sample may be taken from the pelvic or breast bone. Sometimes, another area is used. Marrow is removed in the following steps: If needed, you are given medicine to help you relax. The provider cleans the skin and injects numbing medicine into the area and surface of the bone. A biopsy needle is inserted into the bone. The center of the needle is removed and the hollowed needle is moved deeper into the bone. This captures a tiny sample, or core, of bone marrow within the needle. The sample and needle are removed. Pressure and then a bandage are applied to the skin. A bone marrow aspiration may also be done, usually before the biopsy is taken. After the skin is numbed, the needle is inserted into the bone, and a syringe is used to withdraw the liquid bone marrow. If this is done, the needle will be removed and repositioned. Or, another needle may be used for the biopsy.Tell the provider: If you are allergic to any medicines What medicines you are taking If you have bleeding problems If you are pregnant.You will feel a sharp sting when the numbing medicine is injected. The biopsy needle may also cause a brief, usually dull, pain. Since the inside of the bone cannot be numbed, this test may cause some discomfort. If a bone marrow aspiration is also done, you may feel a brief, sharp pain as the bone marrow liquid is removed.Your provider may order this test if you have abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells or platelets on a complete blood count (CBC). This test is used to diagnose leukemia, infections, some types of anemia, and other blood disorders. It may also be used to help determine if a cancer has spread or responded to treatment.A normal result means the bone marrow contains the proper number and types of blood-forming (hematopoietic) cells, fat cells, and connective tissues.Abnormal results may be due to cancers of the bone marrow (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or other cancers). The results may detect the cause of anemia (too few red blood cells), abnormal white blood cells, or thrombocytopenia (too few platelets). Specific conditions for which the test may be performed: A body-wide fungal infection ( disseminated coccidioidomycosis ) A white blood cell cancer called hairy cell leukemia Cancer of the lymph tissue ( Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma ) Bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells ( aplastic anemia ) Blood cancer called multiple myeloma Group of disorders in which not enough healthy blood cells are made (myelodysplastic syndrome; MDS) A nerve tissue tumor called neuroblastoma Bone marrow disease that leads to an abnormal increase in blood cells ( polycythemia vera ) Abnormal protein buildup in tissues and organs ( amyloidosis ) Bone marrow disorder in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue ( myelofibrosis ) Bone marrow produces too many platelets ( thrombocythemia ) White blood cell cancer called Waldenstr m macroglobulinemia Unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or leukopenia (low WBC count) .There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare.Biopsy - bone marrow.Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Bone biopsy Bone biopsy.Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis-specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow).Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow culture. The doctor removes a sample of your bone marrow from the back of your pelvic bone or front of your breast bone. This is done with a small needle inserted into your bone. The procedure is called a bone marrow aspiration or a biopsy. The tissue sample is sent to a lab. It is placed into a special container called a culture dish. The tissue sample is examined under a microscope each day to see if any bacteria, fungi, or viruses have grown. If any bacteria, fungi, or viruses are found, other tests may be done to learn which drugs will kill the organisms. Treatment can then be adjusted based on these results.You will feel a sharp sting when numbing medicine is injected. The biopsy needle may also cause a brief, usually dull, pain. Since the inside of the bone cannot be numbed, this test may cause some discomfort. If a bone marrow aspiration is also done, you may feel a brief, sharp pain as the bone marrow liquid is removed. Soreness at the site usually lasts from a few hours up to 2 days.You may have this test if you have an unexplained fever or if your health care provider thinks you have an infection of the bone marrow.No growth of bacteria, viruses, or fungi in the culture is normal.Abnormal results suggest that you have an infection of the bone marrow. The infection may be from bacteria, viruses, or fungi.There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very rare.Culture - bone marrow.Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration.Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone marrow aspiration analysis-specimen (biopsy, bone marrow iron stain, iron stain, bone marrow).Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow transplant - discharge. It will take 6 months or more for your blood counts and immune system to fully recover. During this time, your risk for infection, bleeding, and skin problems is higher. Your body is still weak. It may take up to a year to feel like you did before your transplant. You will likely get tired very easily. You may also have a poor appetite. If you received bone marrow from someone else, you may develop signs of graft-versus-host disease ( GVHD ). Ask your health care provider to tell you what signs of GVHD you should watch for.Take good care of your mouth. Dry mouth or sores from medicines you need to take for the bone marrow transplant can lead to an increase in bacteria in your mouth. The bacteria can cause mouth infection, which can spread to other parts of your body. Brush your teeth and gums 2 to 3 times a day for 2 to 3 minutes each time. Use a toothbrush with soft bristles. Let your toothbrush air dry between brushings. Use a toothpaste with fluoride. Floss gently once a day. Rinse your mouth 4 times a day with a salt and baking soda solution. (Mix one half teaspoon, or 2.5 grams, of salt and one half teaspoon or 2.5 grams, of baking soda in 8 ounces or 240 milliliters of water.) Your doctor may prescribe a mouth rinse. DO NOT use mouth rinses with alcohol in them. Use your regular lip care products to keep your lips from drying and cracking. Tell your doctor if you develop new mouth sores or pain. Avoid foods and drinks that have a lot of sugar in them. Chew sugarless gums or suck on sugar-free popsicles or sugar-free hard candies. Take care of your dentures, braces, or other dental products. If you wear dentures, put them in only when you are eating. Do this for the first 3 to 4 weeks after your transplant. DO NOT wear them at other times during the first 3 to 4 weeks. Brush your dentures 2 times a day. Rinse them well. To kill germs, soak your dentures in an antibacterial solution when you are not wearing them.Take care not to get infections for up to 1 year or more after your transplant. Practice safe eating and drinking during cancer treatment. DO NOT eat or drink anything that may be undercooked or spoiled. Make sure your water is safe. Know how to cook and store foods safely. Be careful when you eat out. DO NOT eat raw vegetables, meat, fish, or anything else you are not sure is safe. Wash your hands with soap and water often, including: After being outdoors After touching body fluids, such as mucus or blood After changing a diaper Before handling food After using the telephone After doing housework After going to the bathroom Keep your house clean. Stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask, or not to visit. DO NOT do yard work or handle flowers and plants. Be careful with pets and animals. If you have a cat, keep it inside. Have someone else change your cat's litter box every day. DO NOT play rough with cats. Scratches and bites can get infected. Stay away from puppies, kittens, and other very young animals. Ask your doctor what vaccines you may need and when to get them.Other things you can do to stay healthy include: If you have a central venous line or PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) line , know how to take care of it. If your provider tells you your platelet count is low, learn how to prevent bleeding during cancer treatment. Stay active by walking. Slowly increase how far you go based on how much energy you have. Eat enough protein and calories to keep your weight up. Ask your provider about liquid food supplements that can help you get enough calories and nutrients. Be careful when you are in the sun. Wear a hat with a wide brim. Use sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher on any exposed skin. DO NOT smoke.You will need close follow-up care from your transplant doctor and nurse for at least 3 months. Be sure to keep all your appointments.Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Diarrhea that does not go away or is bloody. Severe nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. Cannot eat or drink. Extreme weakness. Redness, swelling, or draining from any place where you have an IV line inserted. Pain in your abdomen. Fever, chills, or sweats. These may be signs of infection. A new skin rash or blisters. Jaundice (your skin or the white part of your eyes looks yellow). A very bad headache or a headache that does not go away. A cough that is getting worse. Trouble breathing when you are at rest or when you are doing simple tasks. Burning when you urinate.Transplant - bone marrow - discharge; Stem cell transplant - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant - discharge; Reduced intensity; Non-myeloablative transplant - discharge; Mini transplant - discharge; Allogenic bone marrow transplant - discharge; Autologous bone marrow transplant - discharge; Umbilical cord blood transplant - discharge.Bashir Q, Champlin R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow transplant children - discharge. Take care that your child does not to get infections for 1 year or more after their transplant. Keeping your house clean is important to help prevent infection. But do not vacuum or clean while your child is in the room. Keep your child away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask, or not to visit. DO NOT let your child play in the yard or handle flowers and plants. Make sure your child follows guidelines for safe eating and drinking during her cancer treatment. DO NOT let them eat or drink anything that may be undercooked or spoiled at home or when eating out. Learn how to cook and store foods safely. Make sure their water is safe to drink. Make sure your child washes their hands with soap and water often, including: After touching body fluids, such as mucous or blood Before handling food After going to the bathroom After using the telephone After being outdoors Ask the doctor what vaccines your child may need and when to get them.Your child's immune system is weak. So it is important to take good care of your child's oral health. This will help prevent infections that can become serious and spread. Make sure your child's dentist knows that your child has had a bone marrow transplant. That way you can work together to ensure the best oral care for your child. Have your child to brush his teeth and gums 2 to 3 times a day for 2 to 3 minutes each time. Give them a toothbrush with soft bristles to use. Floss gently once a day. Let your child's toothbrush air dry between brushings. Make sure your child uses toothpaste with fluoride. Have your child rinse his mouth 4 times a day with a salt and baking soda solution. (Mix one half teaspoon, or 2.5 mL, of salt and one half teaspoon, or 2.5 mL, of baking soda in 8 ounces, or 237 mL, of water.) Your child's doctor may prescribe a mouth rinse. Make sure it is alcohol-free. Take care of your child's lips with products made with lanolin. Tell your child's doctor if they develop new mouth sores or pain. DO NOT let your child eat foods and drinks that have a lot of sugar in them. Give them sugarless gums or sugar-free popsicles or sugar-free hard candies. Take care of your child's braces, retainers, or other dental products: Children can continue to wear oral appliances like retainers as long as they fit well. Clean retainers and retainer cases daily with an antibacterial solution. As your doctor or dentist to recommend one. If any areas of permanent braces irritate your child's gums, use mouth guards or dental wax to protect the delicate mouth tissue.If your child has a central venous line or PICC line , be sure to learn how to take care of it. If your child's provider tells you your child's platelet count is low, learn how to prevent bleeding during cancer treatment. Give your child enough protein and calories to keep her weight up. Ask your child's provider about liquid food supplements that can help her get enough calories and nutrients. Protect your child from the sun. Make sure she wears a hat with a wide brim and sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher on any exposed skin. Take care when your child plays with toys: Make sure that your child only plays with toys that can easily be cleaned. Avoid toys that cannot be washed. Wash dishwasher-safe toys in the dishwasher. Clean other toys in hot, soapy water. DO NOT allow your child to play with toys that other children have put in their mouth. Avoid using bath toys that retain water, like squirt guns or squeezable toys that can draw water inside. Be careful with pets and animals: If you have a cat, keep it inside. DO NOT bring in any new pets. Keep all pets away from where your child eats, sleeps, or spends a lot of time, such as a play area. DO NOT let your child play with animals. Scratches and bites can easily get infected. DO NOT let your child come near your cat's litter box. If your child touches a pet, make sure they use an antibacterial soap after handling it. DO NOT let dogs lick your child. Resuming schoolwork and returning to school: Most children will need to do schoolwork at home during their recovery. Talk with your child's teacher about how to keep up with schoolwork and stay connected to classmates. Your child may be able to receive special help through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Talk with the hospital social worker to find out more. Once your child is ready to return to school, meet with teachers, nurses and other school staff to help them understand your child's medical condition. Arrange any special help or care as needed.Your child will need close follow-up care from the transplant doctor and nurse for at least 3 months. At first, your child may need to be seen weekly. Be sure to keep all appointments.If your child tells you about any bad feelings or symptoms then call your child's doctor. A symptom can be a warning sign of an infection. Watch for these symptoms: Fever Diarrhea that does not go away or is bloody Severe nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite Inability to eat or drink Extreme weakness Redness, swelling, or draining from any place where an IV line had been inserted Pain in the abdomen Fever, chills, or sweats, which may be signs of an infection A new skin rash or blisters Jaundice (skin or the white part of the eyes looks yellow) A very bad headache or a headache that does not go away A cough that is getting worse Trouble breathing when at rest or when doing simple tasks Burning when urinating.Transplant - bone marrow - children - discharge; Stem cell transplant - children - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant -children - discharge; Reduced intensity, non-myeloablative transplant - children - discharge; Mini transplant - children - discharge; Allogenic bone marrow transplant - children - discharge; Autologous bone marrow transplant - children - discharge; Umbilical cord blood transplant - children - discharge.American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on dental management of pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and/or radiation. Pediatr Dent. 2013 Sep-Oct;35(5):E185-93. PMID: 24290549 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290549. Bashir Q, Champlin, R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone marrow transplant. Before the transplant, chemotherapy , radiation , or both may be given. This may be done in 2 ways: Ablative (myeloablative) treatment. High-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both are given to kill any cancer cells. This also kills all healthy bone marrow that remains, and allows new stem cells to grow in the bone marrow. Reduced intensity treatment, also called a mini transplant. Lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation are given before a transplant. This allows older people, and those with other health problems to have a transplant. There are three kinds of bone marrow transplants: Autologous bone marrow transplant. The term auto means self. Stem cells are removed from you before you receive high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The stem cells are stored in a freezer. After high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatments, your stems cells are put back in your body to make normal blood cells. This is called a rescue transplant. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The term allo means other. Stem cells are removed from another person, called a donor. Most times, the donor's genes must at least partly match your genes. Special tests are done to see if a donor is a good match for you. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. Sometimes parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. Donors who are not related to you, yet still match, may be found through national bone marrow registries. Umbilical cord blood transplant. This is a type of allogeneic transplant. Stem cells are removed from a newborn baby's umbilical cord right after birth. The stem cells are frozen and stored until they are needed for a transplant. Umbilical cord blood cells are very immature so there is less of a need for perfect matching. Due to the smaller number of stem cells, blood counts take much longer to recover. A stem cell transplant is usually done after chemotherapy and radiation is complete. The stem cells are delivered into your bloodstream usually through a tube called a central venous catheter. The process is similar to getting a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel through the blood into the bone marrow. Most times, no surgery is needed. Donor stem cells can be collected in two ways: Bone marrow harvest. This minor surgery is done under general anesthesia. This means the donor will be asleep and pain-free during the procedure. The bone marrow is removed from the back of both hip bones. The amount of marrow removed depends on the weight of the person who is receiving it. Leukapheresis. First, the donor is given several days of shots to help stem cells move from the bone marrow into the blood. During leukapheresis, blood is removed from the donor through an IV line. The part of white blood cells that contains stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. The red blood cells are returned to the donor.A bone marrow transplant replaces bone marrow that is either not working properly or has been destroyed (ablated) by chemotherapy or radiation. Doctors believe that for many cancers, the donor's white blood cells may attack any remaining cancer cells, similar to when white cells attack bacteria or viruses when fighting an infection. Your health care provider may recommend a bone marrow transplant if you have: Certain cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplasia, or multiple myeloma. A disease that affects the production of bone marrow cells, such as aplastic anemia , congenital neutropenia , severe immune system illnesses, sickle cell anemia , or thalassemia.A bone marrow transplant may cause the following symptoms: Chest pain Drop in blood pressure Fever, chills, flushing Funny taste in the mouth Headache Hives Nausea Pain Shortness of breath Possible complications of a bone marrow transplant depend on many things, including: The disease you are being treated for Whether you had chemotherapy or radiation before the bone marrow transplant and the dosages of such treatments Your age Your overall health How good of a match your donor was The type of bone marrow transplant you received (autologous, allogeneic, or umbilical cord blood) Complications may include: Anemia Bleeding in the lungs, intestines, brain, and other areas of the body Cataracts Clotting in the small veins of the liver Damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart Delayed growth in children who receive a bone marrow transplant Early menopause Graft failure, which means that the new cells do not settle into the body and start producing stem cells Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a condition in which the donor cells attack your own body Infections, which can be very serious Inflammation and soreness in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, called mucositis Pain Stomach problems, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.Your provider will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. You will have many tests before treatment begins. Before transplant, you will have 1 or 2 tubes, called catheters, inserted into a blood vessel in your neck or arms. This tube allows you to receive treatments, fluids, and sometimes nutrition. It is also used to draw blood. Your provider will likely discuss the emotional stress of having a bone marrow transplant. You may want to meet with a counselor. It is important to talk to your family and children to help them understand what to expect. You will need to make plans to help you prepare for the procedure and handle tasks after your transplant: Complete an advance care directive Arrange medical leave from work Take care of bank or financial statements Arrange care of pets Arrange for someone to help with household chores Confirm health insurance coverage Pay bills Arrange for care of your children Find housing for yourself or your family near the hospital, if needed.A bone marrow transplant is usually done in a hospital or medical center that specializes in such treatment. Most of the time, you stay in a special bone marrow transplant unit in the center. This is to limit your chance of getting an infection. Depending on the treatment and where it is done, all or part of an autologous or allogeneic transplant may be done as an outpatient. This means you do not have to stay in the hospital overnight. How long you stay in the hospital depends on: How much chemotherapy or radiation you received The type of transplant Your medical center's procedures While you are in the hospital: The health care team will closely monitor your blood count and vital signs. You will receive medicines to prevent GVHD and prevent or treat infections, including antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral medicine. You will likely need many blood transfusions. You will be fed through a vein (IV) until you can eat by mouth and stomach side effects and mouth sores have gone away. After you leave the hospital, be sure to follow instructions on how to care for yourself at home.How well you do after the transplant depends on: The type of bone marrow transplant How well the donor's cells match yours What type of cancer or illness you have Your age and overall health The type and dosage of chemotherapy or radiation therapy you had before your transplant Any complications you may have A bone marrow transplant may completely or partially cure your illness. If the transplant is a success, you can go back to most of your normal activities as soon as you feel well enough. Usually it takes up to 1 year to recover fully, depending on what complications occur. Complications or failure of the bone marrow transplant can lead to death.Transplant - bone marrow; Stem cell transplant; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant; Reduced intensity nonmyeloablative transplant; Mini transplant; Allogenic bone marrow transplant; Autologous bone marrow transplant; Umbilical cord blood transplant; Aplastic anemia - bone marrow transplant; Leukemia - bone marrow transplant; Lymphoma - bone marrow transplant; Multiple myeloma - bone marrow transplant.Bleeding during cancer treatment Bone marrow transplant - discharge Central venous catheter - dressing change Central venous catheter - flushing Drinking water safely during cancer treatment Dry mouth during cancer treatment Eating extra calories when sick - adults Eating extra calories when sick - children Oral mucositis - self-care Peripherally inserted central catheter - flushing Safe eating during cancer treatment.Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Formed elements of blood Formed elements of blood Bone marrow from hip Bone marrow from hip Bone-marrow transplant - series Bone-marrow transplant - series.Bashir Q, Champlin R. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone mineral density test. Bone density testing can be done in several ways. The most common and accurate way uses a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. DEXA uses low-dose x-rays. (You receive more radiation from a chest x-ray.) There are two types of DEXA scans: Central DEXA -- You lie on a soft table. The scanner passes over your lower spine and hip. In most cases, you do not need to undress. This scan is the best test to predict your risk for fractures, especially of the hip. Peripheral DEXA (p-DEXA) -- These smaller machines measure the bone density in your wrist, fingers, leg, or heel. These machines are in health care offices, pharmacies, shopping centers, and at health fairs.If you are or could be pregnant, tell your provider before this test is done. DO NOT take calcium supplements for 24 hours before the test. You'll be told to remove all metal items from your body, such as jewelry and buckles.The scan is painless. You need to remain still during the test.Bone mineral density (BMD) tests are used to: Diagnose bone loss and osteoporosis See how well osteoporosis medicine is working Predict your risk for future bone fractures Bone density testing is recommended for all women age 65 and older. There is not full agreement on whether men should undergo this type of testing. Some groups recommend testing of men at age 70, while others state that the evidence is not clear enough to say whether men at this age benefit from screening. Younger women, as well as men of any age, may also need bone density testing if they have risk factors for osteoporosis. These risk factors include: Fracturing a bone after age 50 Strong family history of osteoporosis History of treatment for prostate cancer or breast cancer History of medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes, thyroid imbalances, or anorexia nervosa Early menopause (either from natural causes or hysterectomy) Long-term use of medications such as corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, or aromatase inhibitors Low body weight (less than 127 pounds) or low body mass index (less than 21) Significant loss of height Long-term tobacco or excessive alcohol use.The results of your test are usually reported as a T-score and Z-score: T-score compares your bone density with that of a healthy young woman. Z-score compares your bone density with that of other people of your age, gender, and race. With either score, a negative number means you have thinner bones than average. The more negative the number, the higher your risk for a bone fracture. A T-score is within the normal range if it is -1.0 or above.Bone mineral density testing does not diagnose fractures. Along with other risk factors you may have, it helps predict your risk for having a bone fracture in the future. Your provider will help you understand the results. If your T-score is: Between -1 and -2.5, you may have early bone loss (osteopenia) Below -2.5, you likely have osteoporosis Treatment recommendation depends on your total fracture risk. This risk can be calculated using the FRAX score. Your provider can tell you more about this. You can also find information about FRAX online.Bone mineral density uses a slight amount of radiation. Most experts feel that the risk is very low compared with the benefits of finding osteoporosis before you break a bone.BMD test; Bone density test; Bone densitometry; DEXA scan; DXA; Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; p-DEXA; Osteoporosis - BMD.Bone density scan Bone density scan Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis.Chapurlat RD, Genant HK. Osteoporosis.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone pain or tenderness. Bone pain is less common than joint pain and muscle pain. The source of bone pain may be clear, such as from a fracture following an accident. Other causes, such as cancer that spreads ( metastasizes ) to the bone, may be less obvious.Bone pain can occur with injuries or conditions such as: Cancer in the bones (primary malignancy) Cancer that has spread to the bones (metastatic malignancy) Disruption of blood supply (as in sickle cell anemia ) Infected bone ( osteomyelitis ) Infection Injury (trauma) Leukemia Loss of mineralization ( osteoporosis ) Overuse Toddler fracture (a type of stress fracture that occurs in toddlers).See your health care provider if you have bone pain and do not know why it is occurring.Take any bone pain or tenderness very seriously. Contact your provider if you have any unexplained bone pain.Your provider will ask you about your medical history and do a physical exam. Some questions that may be asked include: Where is the pain located? How long have you had pain and when did it start? Is the pain getting worse? Do you have any other symptoms? You may have the following tests: Blood studies (such as CBC , blood differential ) Bone x-rays , including a bone scan CT or MRI scan Hormone level studies Pituitary and adrenal gland function studies Urine studies Depending on the cause of the pain, your provider may prescribe: Antibiotics Anti-inflammatory medicines Hormones Laxatives (if you develop constipation during prolonged bed rest) Pain relievers If pain is related to thinning bones, you may need treatment for osteoporosis.Aches and pains in bones; Pain - bones.Skeleton Skeleton.McCormack RG, Lopez CA. Commonly encountered fractures in sports medicine.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone scan. A bone scan involves injecting a very small amount of radioactive material (radiotracer) into a vein. The substance travels through your blood to the bones and organs. As it wears off, it gives off a bit of radiation. This radiation is detected by a camera that slowly scans your body. The camera takes pictures of how much radiotracer collects in the bones. If a bone scan is done to see if you have a bone infection, images may be taken shortly after the radioactive material is injected and again 3 to 4 hours later, when it has collected in the bones. This process is called a 3-phase bone scan. To evaluate metastatic bone disease, images are taken only after the 3- to 4-hour delay. The scanning part of the test will last about 1 hour. The scanner's camera may move above and around you. You may need to change positions. You will probably be asked to drink extra water after you receive the radiotracer to keep the material from collecting in your bladder.You must remove jewelry and other metal objects. You may be asked to wear a hospital gown. Tell your health care provider if you are or may be pregnant. DO NOT take any medicine with bismuth in it, such as Pepto-Bismol, for 4 days before the test. Follow any other instructions you are given.There is a small amount of pain when the needle is inserted. During the scan, there is no pain. You must remain still during the scan. The technologist will tell you when to change positions. You may experience some discomfort due to lying still for a long period.A bone scan is used to: Diagnose a bone tumor or cancer. Determine if a cancer that began elsewhere in your body has spread to the bones. Common cancers that spread to the bones include breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney. Diagnose a fracture, when it cannot be seen on a regular x-ray (most commonly hip fractures, stress fractures in the feet or legs, or spine fractures). Diagnose a bone infection (osteomyelitis). Diagnose or determine the cause of bone pain, when no other cause has been identified. Evaluate metabolic disorders, such as osteomalacia , primary hyperparathyroidism , osteoporosis , complex regional pain syndrome , and Paget disease.Test results are considered normal if the radiotracer is present evenly throughout all the bones.An abnormal scan will show 'hot spots' and/or 'cold spots' as compared to surrounding bone. Hot spots are areas where there is an increased collection of the radioactive material. Cold spots are areas that have taken up less of the radioactive material. Bone scan findings must be compared with other imaging studies, in addition to clinical information. Your provider will discuss any abnormal findings with you.If you are pregnant or nursing, the test may be postponed to prevent exposing the baby to radiation. If you must have the test while breastfeeding, you should pump and throw away the breast milk for the next 2 days. The amount of radiation injected into your vein is very small. All radiation is gone from the body within 2 to 3 days. The radiotracer that is used exposes you to a very small amount of radiation. The risk is probably no greater than with routine x-rays. Risks related to the bone radiotracer are rare, but may include: Anaphylaxis (severe allergic response) Rash Swelling There is a slight risk of infection or bleeding when the needle is inserted into a vein.Scintigraphy - bone.Nuclear scan Nuclear scan.Bearcroft PWP, Hopper MA. Imaging techniques and fundamental observations for the musculoskeletal system.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone tumor. The cause of bone tumors is unknown. They often occur in areas of the bone that grow rapidly. Possible causes include: Genetic defects passed down through families Radiation Injury In most cases, no specific cause is found. Osteochondromas are the most common noncancerous (benign) bone tumors. They occur most often in young people between the ages of 10 and 20. Cancers that start in the bones are called primary bone tumors. Bone cancers that start in another part of the body (such as the breast, lungs, or colon) are called secondary or metastatic bone tumors. They behave very differently from primary bone tumors. Cancerous primary bone tumors include: Chondrosarcoma Ewing sarcoma Fibrosarcoma Osteosarcomas Cancers that most often spread to the bone are cancers of the: Breast Kidney Lung Prostate Thyroid These forms of cancer usually affect older people. Bone cancer is more common in people who have a family history of cancers.Symptoms of bone tumor may include any of the following: Bone fracture, especially from slight injury (trauma) Bone pain may be worse at night Occasionally a mass and swelling can be felt at the tumor site Some benign tumors have no symptoms.The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Tests that may be done include: Alkaline phosphatase blood level Bone biopsy Bone scan Chest x-ray CT scan of the chest MRI of the bone and surrounding tissue X-ray of bone and surrounding tissue PET scan These following tests may also be ordered to monitor the disease: Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme Blood calcium level Parathyroid hormone Blood phosphorus level.Some benign bone tumors go away on their own and do not need treatment. Your provider will closely monitor you. You will likely need regular imaging tests, such as x-rays, to see if the tumor shrinks or grows. Surgery may be needed to remove the tumor in some cases. Treatment for cancerous bone tumors that have spread from other parts of the body depends on where the cancer started. Radiation therapy may be given to prevent fractures or to relieve pain. Chemotherapy may be used to prevent fractures or the need for surgery or radiation. Tumors that start in the bone are rare. After biopsy, a combination of chemotherapy and surgery is usually necessary. Radiation therapy may be needed before or after surgery.You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.How well you do depends on the type of bone tumor. Outcome is usually good in people with noncancerous (benign) tumors. But some benign bone tumors can turn into cancer. People with cancerous bone tumors that have not spread may be cured. The cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors. Talk to your provider about your particular cancer.Problems that may result from the tumor or treatment include: Pain Reduced function, depending on the tumor Side effects of chemotherapy Spread of the cancer to other nearby tissues (metastasis).Call your provider if you have symptoms of a bone tumor.Tumor - bone; Bone cancer; Primary bone tumor; Secondary bone tumor; Bone tumor - benign.X-ray X-ray Skeleton Skeleton Osteogenic sarcoma - X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - x-ray Ewing sarcoma - X-ray Ewing sarcoma - x-ray.Coleman RE, Holen I. Bone metastases.Encyclopedia Entry for Bone :Bone x-ray. The test is done in a hospital radiology department or in the health care provider's office by an x-ray technician. For the test, you will position the bone to be x-rayed on the table. Pictures are then taken, and the bone is repositioned for different views.Tell the health care provider if you are pregnant. You must remove all jewelry for the x-ray.The x-rays are painless. Changing position for getting different views of the bone may be uncomfortable.A bone x-ray is used to look for injuries or conditions affecting the bone.Abnormal findings include: Fractures or broken bone Bone tumors Degenerative bone conditions Osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone caused by an infection) Additional conditions under which the test may be performed: Cystic fibrosis Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) II Multiple myeloma Osgood-Schlatter disease Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteomalacia Paget's disease Primary hyperparathyroidism Rickets.There is low radiation exposure. X-ray machines are set to provide the smallest amount of radiation exposure needed to produce the image. Most experts feel that the risk is low compared with the benefits. Children and the fetuses of pregnant women are more sensitive to the risks of the x-ray. A protective shield may be worn over areas not being scanned.X-ray - bone.Skeleton Skeleton Skeletal spine Skeletal spine Osteogenic sarcoma - X-ray Osteogenic sarcoma - x-ray.Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Bone radiography-diagnostic.